Web Site Development Essay Research Paper I free essay sample

Site Development Essay, Research Paper I propose to build up a site for anybody in the sunglass, contact focal point, hued contact focal point or laser vision amendment showcase. The majority of import attributes remembered for this site must be: retirement funds, comfort and top quality stocks. It is important to tie all features of the site together wonderfully. By this I mean the customer must hold the capacity to purchase anytime In the site, each piece great as the capacity to get wherever from wherever. We should draw our accessible stocks and administrations in such a way as to do it a? Easy decision? for anybody. Our accessible stocks must be sketched out from the approaching. In the event that merchants request to be reached to build up a general relationship so this must be taken consideration of each piece in a matter of seconds as could be expected under the circumstances. We should quantify which stocks will boost our overall gain, which will amplify our attractiveness and which are only of need to convey. We should build up a database of stocks and keep up money related qualities, additional items and minuss orchestrating ly. One help I had in head was to build up a free administration for anybody inspired by optical maser vision amendment. We can build up an application where the patient data sources his/her doctor? s composed Rx or their contact focal point box/bottle solution, and we can take this data and build up a sort of the internet consolidate message. By this I mean, we can guide them an email reaction with respect to their present oculus status, the best appropriate careful process for their status, history of other? s w/their Rx A ; results also, perhaps even doctors in their nation. I comprehend this may detract from the exposure of INSIGHT, yet recover, anything free? bolsters em? returning! ! This will additionally offering device to pull individuals in, rather than a help. Plus, some creation organization or another could be contracted out to create pictures which we could offer to campaigners, doctors, sawboness, and so on? Dr. Sopher could build up an image coordinated to rehearsing oculists intrigued by net incomes strategies in the examination room.

Final Exam Prep Questions

1) The term direct in correspondence implies A. the volume at which a message is gotten B. the setting of the correspondence C. the way toward changing musings into images D. the medium through which a message makes a trip from sender to collector 2) where of the accompanying correspondence exercises do individuals spend the best percent of their day? A. Listening B. Composing C. Understanding D. Talking 3) A receiver’s reaction to a sender’s message is known as A. encoding B. interpreting C. criticism D. channel 4) With this kind of reaction, you break down or show the sender the reason for their concern.A. Assessing B. Deciphering C. Summarizing D. Addressing 5) This happens when you get, build importance from, and react to the sender’s message. A. Hearing B. Going to C. Listening D. Reacting 6) When the collector utilizes this reaction style, he explains or looks for more data. A. Assessing B. Supporting C. Summarizing D. Addressing 7) Which of coming up next are the most widely recognized kinds of questions individuals may have about a source? A. Status and scholastic degree B. Occupation and business C. Noticeable quality in the field of study and experience D. Ability and exactness ) Which of coming up next is the most dependable wellspring of data? A. Wikipediaâ ® B. A blog C. A book suggested by your teacher D. Britannica Onlineâ ® BCOM 275 Final Exam 9) Consider the accompanying trade: â€Å"How do I realize God exists? How would you know he doesn’t? † Which deception does the subsequent articulation delineate? A. Fussbudget deception B. Tricky slant C. Losing the weight of confirmation D. Irregularity name-calling 10) Stating somebody has negative highlights and his case is invalid is a case of which paradox? A. Slanderous B. Hereditary false notion C. Misrepresentation D. Bogus issue Highlight Article Fin 486 Final Exam11) Consider the accompanying explanation: â€Å"So imagine a scenario where the Senator acknowledged a little payoff moneyâ€most lawmakers are degenerate all things considered. † This is a case of which error? A. Contention from begrudge B. Contention from convention C. Contention from normal practice D. Misrepresentation BCOM275 Final Exam 12) Consider the accompanying proclamation: â€Å"Studies affirm what everybody definitely knows: Smaller class sizes improve students. † This is a case of which misrepresentation? A. Contention from normal practice B. Making one wonder C. Losing the weight of evidence D.Slippery slant 13) Audience examination ought to happen when in the production of a message? A. When criticism is gotten B. Before the message is sent C. Before the message is made D. In the wake of choosing the channel 14) Behavior portrayals should meet which of the accompanying models? A. Present derivations about anotherâ⠂¬â„¢s intentions. B. Depict just noticeable practices. C. Incorporate terms, for example, â€Å"never, consistently, or continually. † D. Concentrate on more than one conduct. 15) A successful message ought to be A. subject based B. crowd focused C. time-focused D. channel-centered 6) Which casual correspondence channel includes its own contractions to oblige the predetermined number of characters accessible in some random message? A. Email B. Instant message C. Phone message D. Manually written letters 17) Sound and light waves are a case of which part of the correspondence model? A. Encoding B. Channel C. Clamor D. Unraveling 18) In this channel of correspondence, messages are conveyed by sound and light waves. A. Video chat B. Phone message C. Printed copy reminders D. Eye to eye 19) A system for putting the entirety of your data together in a legitimate grouping is known as A. a presentation B. a postulation C. focal thought D. a framework 20) Which verbal help separates complex procedures or ideas into their segment parts to guarantee understanding? A. Correlations B. Examinations C. Depictions D. Definitions 21) What kind of language is utilized when speaking with cohorts, associates, family, and companions? A. Official B. Casual C. Formal D. Stylized 22) The implication of words, for example, thin or slender spotlights on the A. genuine importance B. denotative significance C. enthusiastic importance D. relevant significance 23) If you attempt to convince your cohorts to give canned products for the hungry in your locale, your point is one of A. olicy B. certainty C. esteem D. poignancy 24) Persuasive themes that endeavor to show a crowd of people that something is acceptable, awful, right, or wrong are subjects of A. cause-impact B. actuality C. esteem D. strategy 25) If you utilize just a couple of guides to speak to the entire of the end, you are submitting this coherent false notion. A. Either/or thinking B. Tricky incline C. Defective causa tion D. Hurried speculation 26) What coherent false notion can happen when a speaker centers around similitudes and overlooks critical contrasts? A. Either/or thinking B. Hurried speculation C. Broken correlation D. Tricky incline 7) When you show ethos in your enticing introduction, you have A. believability B. feeling C. proof D. rationale 28) Developing culturally diverse ability incorporates which of the accompanying? A. Beating individual predispositions B. Strolling on eggs C. Isolating society from correspondence D. Utilizing hot catch words 29) An endeavor to describe reasons for occasions to either characters or outside circumstances is known as A. projection B. specific consideration C. attribution mistake D. radiance impact 30) Groups that esteem higher force separation accept connections are A. independent B. casual C. progressive D. elationship arranged 31) What is the conviction that laws are supported in the event that they keep an individual from hurting oneself know n as? A. Offense guideline B. Legitimate moralism C. Mischief guideline D. Legitimate paternalism 32) What is the conviction that right good standards are those acknowledged by the right religion known as? A. Strict absolutism B. Uprightness morals C. Strict relativism D. Moral relativism 33) The act of utilizing a case that has just been chosen as a guide when choosing new cases is alluded to as A. legitimate ethical quality B. legitimate paternalism C. causation rule D. claim to point of reference

The Role of the Quantity Surveying Profession within the contemporary Built Environment

Before examining the job of the amount assessor, it’s imperative to get a thought regarding the manufactured condition where the amount assessor works. Essentially the fabricated condition implies human made structures, urban areas, streets and environmental factors and so forth that could give a domain to their exercises. The idea of the manufactured condition was presented in Greece in numerous hundreds of years prior during the time spent building up their urban communities utilizing lattice plans. In any case, the cutting edge idea of fabricated condition is unquestionably more intricate than that. Thinking about the contemporary fabricated condition, with tremendous increment of the populace on the planet in the course of the only remaining century human wants are ascended and turned out to be progressively muddled. Correspondingly need to have houses, urban communities, streets, which is called assembled condition, has become habitual part of human life. Since the Quantity Surveyor is a noteworthy character of developing that fabricated condition, he/she needs to assume a crucial job in it. The Origin of the Quantity Surveying What is the amount studying? As indicated by the Seeley (1997), Quantity Surveying is a calling which would set up an exact bill of amounts to be estimated by offering temporary workers and who might gauge and worth any varieties that may happen during the advancement of the works. Be that as it may, while thinking about the historical backdrop of this calling, the birthplace of amount looking over conveys us route back to the seventeenth century. In 1666 after the Great Fire, London was under rebuilding process it required immense no. of laborers like artisans, craftsmen and other tradesmen. Before the 1666 all the laborers referenced above got paid regular routine. Be that as it may, the enormous measure of work expected to reestablish the city after the fire, it caused governors to reconsider to and chose to pay every specialist for the amount of work they had done. It implied for the benefit of the compensation laborers had been paid for the measure of carpentry, workmanship and different works they had done. In this way one individual needed to peruse the drawings of the structures and remove the amount of work every single exchange the development and simultaneously he needed to set up a gauge for the absolute expense. What's more, the Quantity Surveying calling was advanced to the present status after that occurrence. History of the Quantity Surveying In mid 70’s there was a misconception about the calling that accepting the â€Å"valuation† and the â€Å"measurement† are covering the entire region of amount looking over. Hence amount looking over calling was featured distinctly for its â€Å"Technical† job all through that period. In any case, estimation and valuation are just two capacities performed by amount assessors. On account of this nature, numerous individuals accepted that the capacities done by the amount assessor can be embraced by any individual or machine that can perform number-crunching estimations, similar to a PC. â€Å"The QS isn't a need in the request for things. Any advantageous and modest technique for increasing drawings and details and setting duplicates in the hands of every estimator would answer a similar reason and dispose of the QS for good† (Anon, 1889 refered to in Wood, 2008). Changing jobs of Quantity Surveying Notwithstanding all the above questions amount studying calling was endure and by and by viewed as one of the most costly calling in the development business. Additionally amount studying is being known as a unique calling and its aptitudes area had gone for various changes in the course of the most recent decade or somewhere in the vicinity. Smith (2004) referenced that the amount looking over calling has looked to extensive changes in the course of the most recent decade regarding degree and the kind of commitments gave inside and outside the development procedure. Ashworth (1981) called attention to the changing job of the amount assessor in late past has been critical. Conventional jobs of Quantity Surveying Amount Surveyor Is the individual who giving advices and getting ready archives with respect to cost assessing and money related segment of the development procedure. Thirty years prior the job of amount assessor was to plan Bill of Quantities and giving Final Accounts as it were. â€Å"The customary job of amount assessor is the expert who gives counsel about expense and budgetary administration for the development procedure. The customary administrations gave are viewed as of a specialized premise, for example, setting up the cost arrangement and the bills of amounts, delicate documentation and delicate evaluation, between time installments, estimating and esteeming varieties, exhorting on foreseen last expenses and setting up the last account† (Burnside and Westcott, 1999). Capabilities of Quantity Surveying Amount assessors are additionally notable as a development financial analysts who perform different and wide scope of obligations to help the practical development ventures. The center capabilities of amount looking over calling, for example, deciding the financial plans of activities, estimating venture amounts, planning Bills of Quantities, cost control records, administrating contracts, and getting ready last records, and so on ought to be kept up and improved so as to adjust to changes in numerous regions of the development business since the amount surveyor’s achievement depends not just the abilities which he/she has. Experts should be unquestionably increasingly versatile and ready to change their standard work rehearses than previously (Smith, 2004). Additionally the RICS has presented and featured some fundamental and discretionary center capabilities that expected of amount assessors to upgrade their capacity to confront the changing development industry and they are as per the following. Capabilities expected of Quantity Surveyors for proficient Competency (RICS) Essential skills Center abilities Discretionary abilities Individual and relational abilities Development contract practice Discretion and other contest goals methodology Business abilities Development innovation and natural administrations Advancement examination Information, data and data innovation Financial matters of development Offices the board Proficient practice Acquirement and monetary administration Indebtedness Law Protection Estimation Venture the executives Mapping Property speculation financing Research procedures and strategies Valuation Tax collection remittances and awards Aside from that, Information Technology has had tremendous effect on amount looking over calling as if it is spread out everywhere throughout the development business. Smith (2004; 2006) keep accentuated that all the experts ought to have the information on the most proficient method to utilize the AUTOCAD appropriately and precisely and be a skill in the field of development without postponing. (Odeyinka, 2008) Expressed that, financially evolved programming bundles are accessible worldwide to improve the exhibition of amount assessors. Frei, (2009) likewise expressed that with the expectation of building up the efficiency and elite of the business it is important to put resources into data innovation (IT) and data correspondence innovation (ICT). RICS (1991) In 1990s and 2000s, Quantity Surveyors ought to be increasingly imaginative, all the more master dynamic and progressively versatile to take care of the issues and the changing of customer necessities. New abilities and administrations will be dynamically evolved from constant research and improvements of new strategies. Developing jobs of Quantity Surveying The amount studying calling has had the option to develop and broaden into new regions of working on, giving a more extensive scope of administrations, with the advanced amount assessor covering all parts of venture cost the executives, acquirement and agreement the board (Lee, Trench and Willis 2011) (Menaha Thayaparan, et.al2011) â€Å"Deviating from its customary â€Å"technical† job, during mid-80’s RICS has advanced the job of the Quantity Surveyor as â€Å"the Building Economist†, â€Å"Cost Engineer†, â€Å"Procurement consultant† and as a â€Å"Cost Consultant† (RICS, 1986; RICS, 1991). These jobs have credited to a greater degree a â€Å"managerial† picture to the amount studying profession.† Since that dynamic nature of the calling, it has been gotten down to business to give ideal needs, for example, cost and worth administration, venture the board, obtainment specialist, quality administration, hazard the board, mediation, and a lot more non-customary administrations of the development business without constraining to its tight extension. QSBC (2009) Has been proposed that the job of the amount assessor has extended after some time past its fundamental extent of money related based concerns not exclusively to cover the information on values, cost, work and materials, yet additionally to incorporate legitimate and authoritative issues, similar to savvy being a specialists on development business and furthermore must be worry about engineers, the administration, temporary workers and the general venture the executives. As indicated by the realities which I have talked about up until now, it has proclaimed that Quantity Surveyors not just need to perform conventional jobs by offering customary administrations by and by likewise need to assume contemporary jobs by conceding non-customary or extra administrations to top off the interest of this creative and impermanent development industry. Aside from those cost concerned angles examined above, amount assessors are likewise should have been familiar with development the executives and acquisition, authoritative organization and lawful parts of development inside the cutting edge manufactured condition. Accordingly it’s critical to examine about administration information on amount assessor which enables to adjust to jumpers conditions and to tackle issues develop in monetary and legally binding parts which are exceptionally interesting for every single development ventures. In the ongoing past years it has been not uncommon for amount assessors to augment their extent of calling and set themselves in a place of undertaking administrator with the measure of experience they have. The significance of the Project Managemen

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Showcasing - Essay Example Was their goal to change their picture from a traditionalist attire store to a more style refreshed store? Did they need to reposition their items? Is it true that they will forfeit their preservationist advertise just to tap another portion of the market? These are basic inquiries which ought to have been tended to before choosing to think of the promotion. Another significant angle which Penny may have disregarded is the pre-testing phase of the ad. They ought to have haphazardly selected a â€Å"consumer jury† who will see the advertisement and perceive how they would respond to the promotion. The â€Å"jury† should be illustrative of their objective market, to incorporate their current purchasers and the market which they need to tap. Had they done this procedure, they could have gotten by and large criticism on the effect of their promotion. 2. How could Penney utilize advertising systems to check the awful exposure it got because of the promotion and the shirts? B ecause of its TV advertisement entitled â€Å"Attitude Adjustment†, Penny experienced terrible exposure. Their clients responded contrarily. This equivalent issue was experienced by Penny when they came out with a T-shirt plan with a motto â€Å"Home Skooled†. To counter the negative exposure that they encountered from these occasions, I figure Penny should attempt to make up for itself and hamburger up its notoriety once more.

The Thieves Who Couldn’t Help Sneezing Essay -- Thomas Hardy

The Thieves Who Couldn’t Help Sneezing There is one fundamental character in this story, Hubert. We scarcely get any depiction of the physical highlights of Hubert; anyway what we do discover is: he is a multi year old kid, a ‘yeoman’s son’ with a horse named Jerry. Every one of them dwelled in Wessex. ‘A man shot from the thicket’ ‘Another man’ ‘And Another’ These three statements; all from a similar section reveal to us that there are in all out three burglars. Once more there is next to no insight regarding any of the three looters; two portrayals of the couple of hoodlums there states that their appearances are ‘artificially blackened’, and at any rate one of them had a, ‘deep voice’. In the entire of the short story there is potentially twenty-six other individuals; these are quickly referenced all through the story. Just one of the twenty six individuals get named and that individual is, ‘Sir Simon’. Not at all like ‘Tony Kytes’ there is one fundamental character, Hubert. Just two settings are utilized, they are the ‘mansion’, and the, ‘Vale of Blackmore’. This is more muddled and point by point than ‘Tony Kytes’; where...

A new Dean of SIPA has been appointed COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A new Dean of SIPA has been appointed COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Professor Merit E. Janow has been appointed Dean of Columbia’s School of International and Public Affairs effective July 1, 2013. Merit’s strength as a scholar and her deep experience with international public policy make her ideally suited to lead SIPA, the most global school of public affairs in the United States and, perhaps, the world.   A member of Columbia’s faculty since 1994, Merit’s expertise in international trade and investment policy, along with her time spent in Asia and her fluency in Japanese, have allowed her to make significant academic contributions while continuing to play a leading role in national and international institutions.   Merit has had three periods of public service in her career.   Most recently, she has been a member of the World Trade Organization’s Appellate Body, which is responsible for adjudicating appeals in intergovernmental trade disputes. Currently, Merit directs SIPA’s International Finance and Economic Policy (IFEP) concentration, is a co-director of Columbia’s Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Study Center, and is a member of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute.   She teaches both at SIPA and at Columbia Law School. Read more about the appointment here.

The Function of Parody in Ulysses - Literature Essay Samples

The word parody comes from the Latin parodia, meaning burlesque song or poem, but it has come to refer to any artistic composition in which the characteristic themes and the style of a particular work, author, etc., are exaggerated or applied to an inappropriate subject for the purposes of ridicule. Parody is used throughout Ulysses both as a form of comedy and as a critique. In the Cyclops episode, parody functions as a critique of the grand narrative, specifically in terms of history and the discourse of the nineteenth century. Parody is further used in order to subvert existing structures and hierarchies, as is apparent through the elements of Bakhtins conception of the Carnivale, which are present in the episode. In Nausicaa, Joyce parodies aspects of popular culture, particularly romance fiction and the censorship debate. This technique serves to highlight the relationship between language and consciousness, as well as the way in which discourses are constructed and interact wit h each other. By using parody, Joyce appears to be critiquing aspects of society and questioning the manner in which language is used to convey meaning.Parody in Cyclops serves to disrupt conventional notions of narrative. In particular, Joyce appears to be critiquing the notion of history as a grand narrative. The elevated language of the episode, as can be seen in the passage describing a historic and a hefty battle, acts as a parody of the literature drawn on by Irish nationalists in order to idealize Irelands heroic past. These writers offered popular versions of mythology using writing styles similar to nineteenth-century writers such as Carlyle. For the twentieth-century reader, however, these allusions might seem pretentious and inflated; Joyce appears to be parodying the passionate nationalists who celebrated the heroic past of the Irish people in this manner. The list of names of heroic leaders in Cyclops descends into complete farce, as it lists figures completely unconnec ted with Ireland, such as Gautama Buddha and Jack the Giant Killer, as well as some names that are simply invented. Joyce likewise parodies this idea of mindless drivel by concluding the narrators speeches with phrases such as and so forth and so on, this phenomenon and the other phenomenon, and new Ireland and new this, that and the other. These parodies reveal that extreme Irish nationalists grasped at almost anything to further their mission. Thematically, Joyce establishes an ongoing dialogue between Blooms humanistic universalism and the citizens narrow nationalism. The citizen refuses to acknowledge the possibility that Bloom can claim Ireland as his nation whilst also being a Jew. Bloom, on the other hand, postulates the humanistic view that force, hatred, historythats not life for men and womenlovethe opposite of hatredthat is really life. Joyce seems to be critiquing the often fanatical nature of Irish nationalism, specifically the manner in which heroism is figured in term s of violence, and the fact that this fanaticism is encouraged at a cost to humanity.Furthermore, Joyce appears to be critiquing the grand narrative of nineteenth-century discourse. He does so firstly by juxtaposing colloquial passages narrated by an anonymous Dubliner with grandiose mythic passages such as the nec and non plus ultra of emotion were reached when the blushing bride elect burst her way throughand flung herself upon the muscular bosom of him who was about to be launched into eternity. The ridiculousness of this bombastic style is furthered by the subject matter: a wedding of trees. Indeed, the juxtaposition of this language with the narrators colloquial God blimey if she aint a clinker highlights the pretentiousness of the elevated form. Joyce uses an exaggerated multiplicity of adjectives such as broadshouldered deepchested stronglimbed frankeyed redhaired freely freckled to parody an overly descriptive style of writing and critique the imperialist nature of grand nar ratives that claim to offer a comprehensive view of events. In doing so, Joyce demonstrates an awareness that aspects of nineteenth-century literature cannot be translated. He appears to be critiquing the extent to which people who sought independence for Ireland attempted to translate to the twentieth-century notions that belong to the past and could not be recovered especially not via inflated language.There is no clear narrative voice in this episode, as Joyce rapidly transitions from one narrative style to another. The shifting narrative also serves as a parody of the pretentious writing of the nineteenth century. Like the one-eyed Polyphemus in the Homeric parallel, each narrative presents a single view, offering the reader separate eyewitnesses who interrupt and contradict each other. This enables the characters to undergo a metamorphosis between various narrative frames. The medical journal parody, for example, transforms Blooms muddled scientific knowledge into a precise ex plication of physiology, as he becomes Herr Professor Luitpold Blumenduft. Through other narratives, the reader gets a vision of Bloom as a hero OBloom, the son of Rory, Bloom the distinguished phenomenologist, and ultimately ben Bloom Elijah. Joyce also appears to be engaging this type of narration in an effort to both define and limit it to a narrative structure. In doing so, he explores the breakdown in narration. At times, this occurs in the midst of a sentence, as in the episodes final words: ben Bloom Elijah, amid clouds of angels ascend to the glory of the brightnessat an angle of fortyfive degreeslike a shot off a shovel. The sentence begins as a Biblical epic, shifts to a quasi-science journalistic style, and then shifts once again to colloquialism. The structure resembles a comic routine, with different voices presenting different views, which in turn highlight the unreliability of each individual perspective. Interestingly, Homers Polyphemus is both one-eyed and multi-voc al, echoing the ambiguities that Joyce explores in the episode. The parody in Cyclops can thus be seen as a microcosm of the parody of Ulysses the novel; that is to say, a parody of the epic form.Parody further functions to subvert existing structures and hierarchies. The events in Cyclops echo the revelries of the Carnivale as conceptualised by Bakhtin. Bakhtin underlines the predominance of the material principle and the physical life with images of the body, or eating and drinking, and with the satisfaction of the natural urges. The pub is site for informal socializing the characters are tipsy from drink, and the environment is conducive to the kind of revelry associated with the Carnivale. There is a sense of anarchy about the episode, with characters indulging in excess, [nearly eating] the tin and all, and laying emphasis on the nether parts of the body, such as Molly Blooms bottom and the hanged mans erection. Joyce appears to be staging a verbal carnival, first through the polyphony of voices, specifically the alternation of the lofty and vulgar styles, and secondly through the wordplay that characterises much of the episode. Within the episode are examples of antanaclasis (Good Christ!Who said Christ is good?), etymology (barber/barbarous/barbarian), puns (foul/fowl), neologism (codology) and non-sequiteurs (talking about new Ireland, he ought to go and get a new dog so he ought). Parrinder characterises a carnival as a worldturned bottom upwardsa forum in which a behaviour that is normally frowned uponbecomes sanctioned and overt. In a carnival, the highest authority (usually the King) is insulted and beaten by the people. In Cyclops, Bloom is presented as this figure, the image of him on point duty up suggesting his superiority, which is highlighted by his refusal to join in the drinking session. It is thus significant that the end of the episode finds him being insulted and set upon by the dogs. The carnival is also a place where religion is parod ied, and in this episode God undergoes a plethora of irreverent metamorphoses: begobChrist MKeowndog. Here, the parody functions as a subversion of these figures of authority.In Nausicaa, parody serves as a critique of popular culture and highlights the manner in which aspects of popular culture seep into our consciousness. Gerty McDowells language and consciousness is an amalgam of romance literature, fashion magazines, advertising, and folk wisdom. The first half of Nausicaa is often read as a parody of the sentimental novel, and particularly The Lamplighter, written by Maria Cummins in 1864, which features a heroine named Gertrude. The frequent usage of exclamation marks, as in O so lively! O so soft, sweet, soft! and exaggerated use of O! parodies the emotive, heightened language of romance fiction. Joyce himself referred to the language of this half of the episode as namby-pamby jammy marmalady drawsery. Interestingly, many of the references to fashion magazines and advertising occur in parenthesis, such as (because it was expected in the Ladys Pictorial that electric blue would be worn), suggesting a kind of aside, as if these aspects of popular culture create resonances that infiltrate our consciousness at particular moments.Gerty herself is a parody of the romantic heroine, one who completely [represses] all sexual desires and awareness of her own physical beingshe must be an object. Gerty, however, is aware of her sexual desires and cannot keep her fantasies pure, imagining that Blooms hands and face were working and a tremor went over her. She is further aware that she is being watched, and seems to enjoy being seen, deliberately [revealing] all her graceful beautifully shaped legs to Bloom. This awareness of her sexual power is at odds with the stereotype of this sort of heroine, and as such, Gerty becomes the antitheses of the romantic heroine. Parody also serves to critique the censorship debate. The idea that young women were vulnerable to any mo ral deviance in works of fiction was particularly highlighted by the sensational novel outrage of the nineteenth century. These sensational novels were considered dangerous because they made readers read with their bodies. Gerty is a virgin who is aware of her own sexuality because she reads exactly what advocates against sensational novels feared. Joyces ironic twist, however, is that Gerty read a romance novel with a typically asexual heroine, rather than sensational fiction, seemingly mocking the whole censorship debate. Perhaps Joyce is critiquing the readiness with which people vilify literature in order to create a scapegoat for societal problems. The issues facing Irish society during Joyces time are revealed through the virgin/whore dichotomy. On one hand, Irish Catholicism postulated the doctrine of Mary-olatry, but on the other, Ireland had a sizeable population of prostitutes. In The Lamplighter, Gertrude models herself after the Virgin Mary. Likewise, in the Nausicaa e pisode of Ulysses, Gerty tries to see herself in this light, as the refuge of sinnerscomfortress of the afflicted allusions to the Holy Virgin. However, her sexual awareness means she must fail as this figure. The juxtaposition between Gertys sexuality and the Virgin Marys takes on a comic element as the discrepancy between Gertys vision of herself and what she really is becomes wider. Joyces parody of the would-be virgin seems to allude to the hypocrisy of societal attitudes at the time. The doctrine of Mary-olatry also suggests transubstantiation. It is thus interesting that Gertys stockings are a diaphanous object, recalling the motif of the diaphane that permeates previous episodes in Ulysses. Aristotle spoke of the diaphane as a medium that enables things to show their actual selves only in light, begging the question of where the source of the light is located. This parallels the question of the where the source of creativity and particularly the creation of language can b e found.This question is explored through parody, as it highlights the relationship between language and consciousness. This is firstly considered through the construction of character-specific discourses. Gerty may be a typical example of winsome Irish girlhood, but that is because she is a composite of the discourses that construct the ideal Irish female. The parody occurs through Joyces subversion of this ideal construct, wherein Gerty appears to be deluding herself into believing that she is this ideal. There are several images in the episode that suggest Gertys narcissistic delusions, including her placement, like Narcissus, near the little pool by the rock, and her bedroom mirror, in front of which she [smiles] at the lovely reflection which the mirror gave back to her! Gerty appears to be deliberately constructing this image of herself, perhaps in order to mask her insecurities about her role as a woman, and it is thus significant that we discover that she is lame, as we real ise that she is not the ideal female form she makes herself out to be.Gerty thinks of Bloom in terms of masculine stereotypes: her dreamhusband[who] would embrace her gently, like a real man, crushing her soft body to him. She is portrayed as a typical woman, who imagines the possibilities of marriage and children, whilst Bloom is the typical man, who sees Gerty merely as an object of desire. In this sense, Blooms narrative is very much part of his character. This raises the question of linguistic determination, and of whether we can think outside of our own language. Bloom acknowledges this question when he describes his erotic communication with Gerty as a kind of language between us. He is aware that something has taken place, and wonders whether or not that is a language. Joyce seems to be engaging with those points of nexus between thought and language, and makes the reader question whether it is possible to document them. The two voices in this episode create an intratextual p arody. Gerty is observing Bloom as he observes her, and as such, the characters function simultaneously as both the representor and the object of representation. Bakhtin claims that this dialogical relationship can be regarded as a parodic relationship, stating that in parodic discourse two styles, two languages come togetherthe language being parodiedand the language that parodies. Likewise, the two voices of Gerty and Bloom critique and comment on each other. The unreliability of Gertys account of what happened between herself and Bloom is highlighted by the juxtaposition of Blooms discourse against her own. Gerty romanticises her physicality, and subsequently Blooms reaction to it, claiming that his eyes burned into her as thought they wouldread her very soul. This stands in direct contrast to Blooms matter-of-fact, coarse reaction, I saw your. I saw all. Lord! and after masturbating, for this relief much thanks. At one time, both discourses act as parodies of the other. Bloom appears preoccupied with the coarse physicality of females, thinking about them in terms of menstruation, orgasms, and their bodies, and in this manner enables us to laugh at Gertys romantic view of her physicality while simultaneously critiquing her constructed discourse. Indeed, Bakhtin cites critique through laughter as the first foundation of novelistic discourse, because these parodic-travestying formsdestroyed the homogenising power of myth over language. In these two episodes, parody serves to critique the values of Joyces society both present and past, and to explore the different facets of language. In Cyclops, parody functions specifically as a critique of the grand narrative, and is used to subvert existing structures and hierarchies. Joyce parodies aspects of popular culture in Nausicaa to highlight the relationship between language and consciousness, and to reveal the manner in which discourses are constructed and interact with each other.SourcesBakhtin, M. Rabelais an d His World (trans. H. Iswelolsky). Indiana UP, Bloomington, 1984Bakhtin, M. The Pre-history of Novelistic Discourse, from The Dialogic Imagination: Four EssaysBennett, A and Royle, N. An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory: Key Critical Concepts. London: Prentice Hall, 1995Bullocks, A and Stallybrass, O. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought. London: Fontana/Collins, 1977Cohen, L. 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